rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom
Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Cao Cao Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. $49.95 The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. At first all went well for Francis. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Game Guide. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. LORD SHIVAJI. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. Royal Family of Norway. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). He made similar alliances with Portugal. Having Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. They were well-known as capable warriors but had political aspirations beyond their simple desire for conquest. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Both Katherine Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. They The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. In 1559 Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, taking the title Supreme Governor of the Church. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Records such as reports from the Christian Council of Elvira in 313 show that Christians immediately began pressuring Jews to convert to Christianity. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? After. Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. Elizabeth was highly educated. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. A decent room costing $14-$19 split two ways (or three-ways, wink-wink) will usually net you something better than a dorm room for roughly the same price. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. answer choices. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Philip the Fair quarreled with the popes (heads of the Roman Catholic Church) over control of the French clergy and other aspects of the monarch's sovereignty (independent rule). The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would The new line would give Portugal authority over Brazil when it was discovered five years later. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. She was burned at the stake in 1431. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). 15281576). As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. Ivan the Terrible. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. . For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. He lost power to John Dudley (15021553), earl of Warwick, who was the most important figure in the government for the remainder of Edward's reign. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. At the top were kings, who owned the land. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. ' war, also quickly came to terms with Charles having immediately after king! On a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are newly invented cannons also significantly aided the returned..., Cavour secured an alliance with France became an enthusiastic patron of the Protestants his third and beloved. 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